S6W3Dqs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

S6W3Dqs - Essay Example The same applies to President Eisenhower’s in his farewell address. In this respect, Henry Kissinger’s remark that â€Å"Morality has nothing to do with foreign policy† is totally misplaced and uncalled for. Morality should, as a matter of fact, be part and parcel of the overall national strategy. Morality has to do with the distinction of good from bad or right from wrong. On the other hand, foreign policy is concerned with the beliefs, attitudes and actions of America towards other countries. Mr. Y (2011), in A National Strategic Narrative clearly articulates the American dream as regards to foreign policy. For instance, the narrative calls upon the United States to pursue it domestic and foreign policies with a unified effort that reflect constancy of purpose (The National Strategy Forum Review, 2010). It further goes on to state that US should pursue her national interest while at the same time allow others to pursue theirs. However, this is pegged on condition that American values are not betrayed. Finally, Mr. Y says that America should seek fair competition and should not hesitate to deter bad behavior. This in itself is a moral position in foreign policy. Based on personal reflection, the National Strategic Narrative, and a recollection of values enshrined in American constitution, the role of morality in national security strategy cannot be downplayed. Other nations will only respect the position of USA on various matters based on her moral standards. The involvement of multinationals such as NATO in America national security has greatly boosted the collective power to promote security, curb incumbent threats, as well as protect the American citizens. Such is the case with which NATO and its 27 member states work to promote ideas and peace of the member countries. America is part and parcel of these efforts done by NATO. Secondly, multinationals work with the American government to advance the

Lamb to the Slaughter Essay Example for Free

Lamb to the Slaughter Essay Rohal Dahl’s short story, ‘Lamb to the Slaughter’, set in the early 20th century, isn’t your typical crime-fiction story, a murder is brewing. As the detectives strive for answers, eating away their only clue, Dahl communicates to the reader that the contrast is unexpected. A housewife, Mary Maloney, is expecting her husband home after a long day at work; unaware to the news he carries with him. Dahl never reveals the news to the readers, but gives them clues by Mary’s reactions. As the author continues the story, the readers sense a mood between Mr. and Mrs. Maloney. This serves the purpose of foreshadowing by hinting at a future problem or disagreement. Dahl uses several writing techniques such as language style, characterization, point of view, plot structure and setting to make the story more exciting and enjoyable. Lamb to the Slaughter, is written in their person to take most of the character’s personal feelings out of the story. Writing in third person is a stronger, more forceful type of writing because the main points and events stand out them selves without feelings getting in the way. One of the reasons authors write in third person is to dis-include themselves from the story. By using words like they, she and he, Dahl has excluded both himself and the reader from the story, creating a stronger, more enjoyable story. The first character introduced in the novel is Mary Maloney. Because it is only a short story, Dahl has left most of the physical features of the character out and focused more in the idiosyncrasies and actions of each character. Along the way Mary’s features are described but not in dept. Another way characters are revealed is by the way others react to them and how much emotion each character puts in their speech. Dahl has made sure that the readers feel intrigued by Mrs. Maloney’s character and how she changes from such an innocent woman to an emotionless murderer.

The Miraculous Reishi: Mushroom or Medicine? :: Botany

The Miraculous Reishi: Mushroom or Medicine? Ganoderma lucidum, otherwise known as the Reishi or Mannentake has been heralded by Asian cultures for many centuries. It is a polypore mushroom of corky or woody texture that appears to have a coat of varnish on the top. It is a shelf mushroom that grows on dead and dying trees. There are many varieties of Reishis. Akashiba is the red Reishi, the most potent; Kuroshiba--the black Reishi; Aoshiba--the blue Reishi; Shiroshiba--the white Reishi; Kishiba--the yellow Reishi; and Murasakishiba--the purple Reishi. (www.canited.com/w-reshi.htm) The Reishi mushroom is attributed with many health stimulating properties from general good health and recuperation, to longevity, sexual prowess, wisdom, and happiness. In certain cases it is used as sculptural artwork. Under certain conditions the fruiting body takes on what is referred to as an "antler" shape, that to some is aesthetically pleasing. According to Paul Stamets, this is a result of elevated carbon dioxide levels in the surrounding en vironment. Reishis may prove useful to the fight against cancer as well. More and more research is being conducted about compounds, in reishis, that stimulate the immune system. Historical Usage Reishi, Ling Zhi, or Saiwai-take, a mushroom of many names and uses. It has been documented with some pretty amazing properties for over two thousand years. "The earliest mention of Ling Chi was in the era of the first emperor of China, Shi-huang of the Ch'in Dynasty (221-207 B.C.)" (Stamets, 355) The Reishi is credited with longevity, increased virility and sexual prowess; the Chinese considered it one of the "Herbs of the Gods". In China it was believed that a tincture of this type of mushroom could bring the dead back to life. Often sold in Chinese medicine shops, commonly in tinctures with Ginseng. Ganoderma lucidum, or a closely related species, can be used to combat high altitude sickness. Himalayan guides sometimes employ the Reishi for this purpose. Mayan Indians have used reishis to fight and prevent communicable diseases. In China, sometimes a woman will give a man Reishis to express sexual interest. The antler form mentioned previously is favored for this purpose. Interest ing considering that the Reishi is supposed to stimulate sexual virility. Medicinal Usage The Reishi is a mushroom of many medicinal properties. Supposed to cure cancer, arthritis, chronic fatigue syndrome, and a whole slew of other ailments. It is no wonder that it is supposed to grant its user a long healthy life. The Miraculous Reishi: Mushroom or Medicine? :: Botany The Miraculous Reishi: Mushroom or Medicine? Ganoderma lucidum, otherwise known as the Reishi or Mannentake has been heralded by Asian cultures for many centuries. It is a polypore mushroom of corky or woody texture that appears to have a coat of varnish on the top. It is a shelf mushroom that grows on dead and dying trees. There are many varieties of Reishis. Akashiba is the red Reishi, the most potent; Kuroshiba--the black Reishi; Aoshiba--the blue Reishi; Shiroshiba--the white Reishi; Kishiba--the yellow Reishi; and Murasakishiba--the purple Reishi. (www.canited.com/w-reshi.htm) The Reishi mushroom is attributed with many health stimulating properties from general good health and recuperation, to longevity, sexual prowess, wisdom, and happiness. In certain cases it is used as sculptural artwork. Under certain conditions the fruiting body takes on what is referred to as an "antler" shape, that to some is aesthetically pleasing. According to Paul Stamets, this is a result of elevated carbon dioxide levels in the surrounding en vironment. Reishis may prove useful to the fight against cancer as well. More and more research is being conducted about compounds, in reishis, that stimulate the immune system. Historical Usage Reishi, Ling Zhi, or Saiwai-take, a mushroom of many names and uses. It has been documented with some pretty amazing properties for over two thousand years. "The earliest mention of Ling Chi was in the era of the first emperor of China, Shi-huang of the Ch'in Dynasty (221-207 B.C.)" (Stamets, 355) The Reishi is credited with longevity, increased virility and sexual prowess; the Chinese considered it one of the "Herbs of the Gods". In China it was believed that a tincture of this type of mushroom could bring the dead back to life. Often sold in Chinese medicine shops, commonly in tinctures with Ginseng. Ganoderma lucidum, or a closely related species, can be used to combat high altitude sickness. Himalayan guides sometimes employ the Reishi for this purpose. Mayan Indians have used reishis to fight and prevent communicable diseases. In China, sometimes a woman will give a man Reishis to express sexual interest. The antler form mentioned previously is favored for this purpose. Interest ing considering that the Reishi is supposed to stimulate sexual virility. Medicinal Usage The Reishi is a mushroom of many medicinal properties. Supposed to cure cancer, arthritis, chronic fatigue syndrome, and a whole slew of other ailments. It is no wonder that it is supposed to grant its user a long healthy life.

Computational Multibody Model Elbow Joint Health And Social Care Essay

Abstraction: Computational multibody mold can be used as a various tool to analyze joint mechanics, joint hurt, examine ligament map, and to foretell joint contact force per unit area. This paper describes a fresh method for the development and rating of a computational multibody theoretical account that represents human elbow flexion- extension associated with forearm pronation-supination. An expeditiously developed theoretical account can help sawboness and other research workers in the design and rating of interventions for cubitus hurts, and contribute to the improvement of patient attention. Therefore, it is really much necessary to analyze biomechanical technology to develop and formalize an effectual cubitus theoretical account for the optimum intervention of cubitus upsets prior to their application in patients. The computational theoretical account accurately predicted flexion-extension gesture bounds, and relationships between coronoid procedure remotion, flexure angle, and varus constraining forces. The theoretical account was besides able to calculate parametric quantities that the experimental probes could non, such as forces within ligaments and contact forces between castanetss [ 1 ] . Introduction: The cubitus articulation is the 2nd most normally dislocated joint in grownups [ 2 ] . Relative to hurts and upsets of the lower limb, there is relatively small grounds to direct intervention of many elbow hurts [ 3 ] . Computational theoretical accounts of the cubitus could profit our apprehension and intervention of upper appendage upsets. Multibody mold is an effectual and powerful tool in biomechanics. The multibody patterning attack has been used by research workers for patient-specific preoperative planning, computer-aided surgery, and computer-aided rehabilitation. Biomechanical computational theoretical accounts of the cubitus have been developed, but all limited their pertinence by presuming fixed joint axes of rotary motion, ordering specific kinematics, simplifying ligament features or disregarding gristle consequence [ 2, 4-6 ] . Therefore, the cardinal aim of this survey was to develop and formalize a multibody theoretical account of the cubitus articulatio n that includes representation of articular gristle and ligaments as non-linear viscoelastic springs. The topic specific theoretical account was validated by comparing predicted bone kinematics to mensurate gesture of the identically loaded corpse cubitus utilizing a bi-axial mechanical examiner. The overall end of the undertaking is to put capable specific articulation theoretical accounts within musculus driven musculoskeletal motion simulations of the upper-extremities. Methods and Materials: The experimental and multibody patterning methods were similar to that described by Stylianou et Al. [ 7 ] and Bloemker et al. [ 8 ] . One fresh frozen corpse cubitus ( 44 old ages old, female, left cubitus, 152cm tallness, 41 kg mass ) was used for this survey. The humerus caput was cemented with a cylinder that was attached by a flexible joint articulation to a Bose 3510 bi-axial mechanical examiner. The triceps musculuss sinews was sutured and tightly connected to a burden cell that was stiffly attached to the top cylinder of the testing machine. The elbow bone was besides fixed to a cup connected to the mechanical examiner via a cosmopolitan articulation ( Fig 1 ) .The radius was free to revolve. For each simulation kinematics of the humerus and ulna were obtained utilizing stiff organic structure markers and a 3-camera Optotrak Certus system ( Northern Digital, Inc. , Waterloo, ON, Canada ) and the forces on triceps sinews were recorded by a burden cell ( Model SBO-100, Temecula, CA 92590 ) . The initial place and orientation of cadaverous bone geometries relative to the dynamic simulator were recorded utilizing a examining tip with the Optotrak system. After proving, the cubitus was dis-articulated and the median collateral ligament ( MCL ) , sidelong collateral ligament ( LCL ) , triceps insertion/origin sites were measured with an Optotrak digitizing investigation.3omega ten Y Load Cell Ired Localizer21C: UsersmmrhwbDesktoppictureElbow # 2 # 3 proving images & A ; videos100_0183.jpg C: UsersmmrhwbDesktopReportpictureabs_model_pic.jpgFig 1: Experimental Setup Fig 2: Model ApparatusComputed Tomography ( CT ) scan images of the cubitus castanetss and localizers were taken to do 3D bone geometries. The plan 3D Slicer ( www.slicer.org ) was used to make the bone and localizer geometries from the CT images by utilizing car cleavage. Geomagic Studio ( Geomagic, Inc. Research Triangle Park, NC ) was used for file transition and post-process filtering of the cubitus geometries including smoothing, taking spikes, and cut downing noise. The bone geometries and ligament insertion/origin points were aligned in MSC.ADAMS ( MSC Software Corporation, Santa Ana, CA ) by utilizing the initial place points and point clouds of each bone ( Fig 2 ) . The ligaments and musculus sinews were modeled as nonlinear springs utilizing a piecewise map depicting the force-length relationship for each p ackage [ 9 ] . A subprogram was written in ADAMS to depict this relationship. This subprogram was derived from the ligament force as a map of strain, the length of each ligament in the place it was constructed, the measured zero-load length and the ligament stiffness. The zero-load length of each package was determined by ciphering the maximal straight-line distance between interpolation and beginning sites throughout the by experimentation measured full scope of gesture and so using a rectification per centum of 80 % [ 8 ] . The gristles geometries were modeled as stiff organic structures of 0.5 millimeters unvarying thickness by squeeze outing cartilage country of bone surface by utilizing Geomagic shell map. Soft contacts were applied between gristle geometries utilizing a contact map in MSC.ADAMS that allows for interpenetration of the geometries to imitate soft tissue [ 7 ] . Consequence: The theoretical account is validated by comparing the kinematics and RMS mistake of each bone and triceps tendon force obtained from the theoretical account versus the experimental information. The comparing of kinematics graphs demonstrates that the theoretical account replicates the experiment.AA Degree centigrade: UsersmmrhwbDesktopReportpicture3_y_abs.jpgCCalciferol FoC: UsersmmrhwbDesktopReportpicture6_y.jpgFigure 3: Comparison of Movement in y-direction of Humerus ( A ) , Ulna ( B ) and Radius ( C ) . Motion informations are taken from Marker 1, 2 & A ; 3 shown in Figure 2.Degree centigrades: UsersmmrhwbDesktopReportpicture ricep_force.jpgC: UsersmmrhwbDesktopReportpicture7_y_abs.jpgFigure 4: Comparison of triceps tendon forceBMarker No.Marker 1 ( millimeter )Marker 2 ( millimeter )Marker 3 ( millimeter )Tricep sinew force ( N )RMS mistaketen 2.40 ten 5.90 ten 10.0 6.5 Y 1.96 Y 2.54 Y 6.20 omega 1.27 omega 4.80 omega 9.37Table 1: RMS Mistake in x, y & A ; z way for marker 1,2 & A ; 3 and tricep sinewDiscussion: The chief purpose of this survey was to make and formalize a topic specific computational multibody theoretical account of the elbow articulation composite to foretell joint behaviour. Model cogency was successfully demonstrated through comparings of fake kinematics and triceps tendon tenseness informations obtained from cadaver experiment. The chief advantages of this theoretical account are the ability to foretell ligament and contact forces which are really hard to capture by experimentation [ 1 ] . Future work includes utilizing non-uniform distinct gristle, adding more ligament packages, annulate ligaments, and patterning soft tissue wrapper. The developed techniques will so be used for capable specific musculoskeletal motion simulations of the upper-extremity that include anatomical theoretical accounts of the cubitus. Recognitions: This research is funded by the School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City. Mentions: [ 1 ] J. P. Fisk and J. S. Wayne, â€Å" Development and Validation of a Computational Musculoskeletal Model of the Elbow and Forearm † , Ann. Biomed. Eng. , Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 803-812, April 2009, [ 2 ] J. de Haan, N.W.L. Schep, D. Eygendaal, G-J. Kleinrensink, W.E. Tuinebreijer and D. den Hartog â€Å" Stability of the Elbow Joint: Relevant Anatomy and Clinical Implications of In Vitro Biomechanical Studies † The Open Orthop. J. Vol.5, pp.168-176, May 2011. [ 3 ] L. M. Ferreira, J. A. Johnson, Graham J.W. King, â€Å" Development of an active cubitus gesture simulator to measure kinematics with the humerus in the multiple places † , J Biomech. Vol. 43, No.11, pp. 2112-2119, August 2010 [ 4 ] F.C. Anderson, M.G. Pandy. â€Å" Dynamic optimisation of human walking † . J. Biomech Eng. Vol.123, No.5, pp.381-390, October 2001. [ 5 ] . A.S. Arnold, S.L. Delp. â€Å" Rotational minute weaponries of the median hamstrings and adductors vary with femoral geometry and limb place: deductions for the intervention of internally rotated pace † , J. Biomech, Vol. 34, No.4, pp.437-447, April 2001. [ 6 ] . T.M. Barker, C. Kirtley, J. Ratanapinunchai, â€Å" Calculation of multi-segment stiff organic structure joint kineticss utilizing MATLAB † , Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. [ H ] , Vol.211, No.6, pp.483-487, 1997. [ 7 ] A. P. Stylianou, T. M. Guess, J. L. Cook, â€Å" Development and proof of a multi-body theoretical account of the eyetooth knee articulation † , Comp. Meth. Biomech. Biomed. Eng. , DOI: 10.1080/10225842.2012.684243, pp. 1-8, May 2012. [ 8 ] K. H. Bloemker, T. M. Guess, L. Maletsky, K. Dodd, † Computational Knee Ligament Modeling Using Experimentally Determined Zero-Load Lengths † , The Open Biomed. Eng. , Vol.6, pp.33-41, April 2012 [ 9 ] G. Li, J. Gil, A. Kanamori, S. L. Woo. â€Å" A validated 3-dimensional computational theoretical account of a human articulatio genus articulation † , J. Biomech. Eng. Vol.121, No.6, pp.657-662, December 1999

Media Formulation

Medium formulation is an essential stage in the design of fermentation process. Most fermentation media require liquid media, although some solid-substrate fermentations are also operated. Fermentation media must satisfy all the nutritional requirements of the microorganisms and fulfill the technical objectives of the process. There are several stages where media are required in a fermentation process; inoculum (starter culture), propagation steps, pilot-scale fermentations and the main production fermentations.According to Cruger W and Cruger A (1990); on a large scale, the sources of nutrients should be selected to create a medium which should meet as many as many possible of the following criteria: i. It should produce the maximum yield of product or biomass per gm of substrate used. ii. It should produce maximum concentration of product or biomass. iii. It should permit the maximum rate of product formation. iv. There should be the minimum yield of undesired products. v. It shoul d be of a consistent quality and be readily available throughout the year. vi.It should cause minimal problems during media preparation and sterilization. vii. It should cause minimal problems in other aspects of the production process particularly aeration and agitation, extraction, purification and waste treatment. The initial step in media for media formulation is the examination of the overall process on the stoichiometery for growth and product formation. The optimization of a medium should be carried out such that it meets as many as possible of the seven criteria. Different combinations and sequences of process conditions have to be investigated to determine growth conditions (Stanbury P.F and Whitaker A; 1995). Medium optimization can be carried by the classical method, in which one independent variable is changed while keeping all others at a certain level. An aerobic fermentation process may be represented as: Carbon and energy source + Nitrogen source + O2 + other require ments Biomass + products + CO2 + H2O + heat This primarily involves consideration of the input of the carbon and nitrogen sources, minerals and oxygen and their conversion to cell biomass, metabolic products.Based on this information, it should be possible to calculate the minimum quantities of each element required to produce a certain quantity of biomass and metabolite According to Prasanthi V et al (2008); Chlorella vulgaris is a green, spherical, single celled fresh water microalga belongs to the phylum Chlorophyta. As per the study conducted so far it is found that green algae are the highest source of chlorophyll in the plant world and particularly, Chlorella one of the members of green algae is the richest source of chlorophyll which is widely used as a health food and feed supplement.The aim of this work is to design different medium types to evaluate optimization combinations for maximum growth, morphology and pigment content of C. vulgaris. Effect of glucose Three differen t volumes of glucose from apple juice while other variables are kept constant. The volumes that were used are 5g/l, 15g/l and 30g/l. The highest chlorophyll production (12%) was obtained with a glucose concentration of 15g/l. Glucose is used as a carbon source which is required for all biosynthesis leading to reproduction, product formation and cell maintenance. It also serves as the energy source.Carbon requirements may be determined from the biomass yield coefficient (Y), an index of the efficiency of conversion of a substrate into the cellular material: Ycarbon (g/g) = biomass produced (g) __________________ Glucose substrate utilized (g) An increase in glucose concentration of 30g/l resulted in the production of chlorophyll being at a constant this is because all the active sites of the microorganism are occupied and active carrying out biochemical reactions. At low glucose concentration of 5g/l very little biomass (chlorophyll) is obtained and also there is low growth rate.Thus , glucose concentration significantly influences chlorophyll production and microbial growth of the microorganism. Constraints that can be generated include the fact that apple juice not only contains one type of sugar, glucose but also contains other sugars (fructose and sucrose) which the microorganism can either utilise for growth resulting in us not obtaining accurate optimization results and also the other sugars can inhibit the growth of the microorganism. Apple juice also contains soluble pectin these can be difficult to digest hence a reduction in biomass.Effect of nitrogen from defatted soya Nitrogen being important constituent of the cell protein was needed for algal growth, either in combined or in molecular form. It is also a component of proteins nucleic acids some co-enzymes. Industrially important microorganisms can utilize both inorganic and organic nitrogen sources. Inorganic nitrogen may be supplied as ammonium salts, often ammonium sulphate and diammonium hydrogen phosphate, or ammonia; these can be used in place of defatted soya. Ammonia can also be used to adjust the pH of the fermentation.As nitrogen deficiency develops the amount of chlorophyll in the cells decreases faster than the nitrogen content in C. vulgaris. Nitrogen is a limiting factor if continually increased it can inhibit the production of chlorophyll. Varying concentrations of nitrogen were used i. e 0. 3g/l, 0,6g/l and 2. 0g/l. At 0. 3g/l little chlorophyll is obtained this is due to the fact that nitrogen being a macronutrient it is required in high concentration. At 0. 6g/l high yields of chlorophyll are obtained and at 2. 0g/l nitrogen turns to be a limiting factor and can lead to culture toxicity.Constraints can be generated when using Ammonia as a substitute for defatted soya this is due to the fact that ammonia leads to high pH which results in a precipitate formation in the medium but lower pH of the medium prevent the precipitation. Foaming in a microbiological proc ess is due to media proteins that become attached to the air-broth interface where they denature to form stable foam. Non-treatment of foam may block air filters, resulting in loss of aseptic conditions. The foam production can be controlled by addition of chemical antifoam. Natural antifoams include plant oils (e. g.Soya, sunflower and rapeseed), hence defatted soya is used as a nitrogen source rather than ammonia. Also high concentrations of ammonium ions can be toxic to cells of the microbe. Effect of Mg2+ MgSO4 can be used as the source of magnesium. It promotes the maximum growth of the present alga and it is also incorporated as an enzyme co-factor component of chlorophyll. Three salt concentrations were used 0. 1g/l; 0. 5g/l and 1g/l. At low salt concentration of 0. 1g/l it results in a magnesium deficiency which interrupted cell division in Chlorella which results in abnormally large cell formation. Increase in salt concentration of 0. g/l and 1g/l of magnesium alone in the medium resulted in higher cell number, although increase in nitrogen alone did not make much difference that means cells need magnesium to synthesize chlorophyll. The process of multiplication requires a larger concentration of magnesium in the medium than does the production of cell material. Iron uptake is strictly required to optimize the process. References 1). Crueger W and Crueger A. 1990. A Textbook of Industrial Microbiology. Oxford. Panima Publishing Corporation. 2). Stansbury P. F and Whitaker A . 1995. Principles of fermentation technology. New York. Pergamon Press. 3).Prasanthi V, Yugandhar M. N, Vuddaraju S. P, Nalla K. K, Raju C. A. I and Donthireddy S. R. R. Optimization of the fermentation media using statistical approach and artificial neural networks for the production of chlorophyll by Chlorella vulgaris. International Journal of Natural and Engineering Sciences. 2008. 2 (3): 51-56 CHINHOYI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY NAME: Ngara Tanyaradzwa R REG NUMBER: C1110934J C OURSE: Process Optimization and Production COURSE CODE: CUBT 208 PROGRAM: BSBIO Level 2:2 Assignment: 1 Lecturer Dr Zvidzai

Battle of Franklin - Civil War Battle of Franklin - John Bell Hood

Battle of Franklin - Civil War Battle of Franklin - John Bell Hood Battle of Franklin - Conflict: The Battle of Franklin was fought during the American Civil War. Armies Commanders at Franklin: Union Major General John Schofield30,000 men Confederate General John Bell Hood38,000 men Battle of Franklin - Date: Hood attacked the Army of the Ohio on November 30, 1864. Battle of Franklin - Background: In the wake of the Union capture of Atlanta in September 1864, Confederate General John Bell Hood regrouped the Army of Tennessee and launched a new campaign to break Union General William T. Shermans supply lines north. Later that month, Sherman dispatched Major General George H. Thomas to Nashville to organize Union forces in the area. Outnumbered, Hood decided to move north to attack Thomas before the Union general could reunite with Sherman. Aware of Hoods movement north, Sherman sent Major General John Schofield to reinforce Thomas. Moving with VI and XXIII Corps, Schofield quickly became Hoods new target. Seeking to prevent Schofield from joining with Thomas, Hood pursued the Union columns and the two forces squared off at Columbia, TN from November 24-29. Next racing to Spring Hill, Schofields men beat off an uncoordinated Confederate attack before escaping in the night to Franklin. Arriving at Franklin at 6:00 AM on November 30, the lead Union troops began preparing a strong, arc-shaped defensive position to the south of the town. The Union rear was protected by the Harpeth River. Battle of Franklin - Schofield Turns: Entering the town, Schofield decided to make a stand as the bridges across the river were damaged and needed to be repaired before the bulk of his forces could cross. While repair work commenced, the Union supply train slowly began crossing the river using a nearby ford. By noon, the earthworks were complete and a secondary line established 40-65 yards behind the main line. Settling in to await Hood, Schofield decided that the position would be abandoned if the Confederates did not arrive before 6:00 PM. In close pursuit, Hoods columns reached Winstead Hill, two miles south of Franklin, around 1:00 PM. Battle of Franklin - Hood Attacks: Establishing his headquarters, Hood ordered his commanders to prepare for an assault on the Union lines. Knowing the dangers of frontally attacking a fortified position, many of Hoods subordinates attempted to talk him out of the assault, but he would not relent. Moving forward with Major General Benjamin Cheathams corps on the left and Lieutenant General Alexander Stewarts on the right, the Confederate forces first encountered two brigades of Brigadier General George Wagners division. Posted half a mile forward of the Union line, Wagners men were supposed to fall back if pressed. Disobeying orders, Wagner had his men stand firm in an attempt to turn back Hoods assault. Quickly overwhelmed, his two brigades fell back toward the Union line where their presence between the line and the Confederates prevented Union troops from opening fire. This failure to cleanly pass through the lines, coupled with a gap in the Union earthworks at the Columbia Pike, allowed three Confederate divisions to focus their attack on the weakest part of Schofields line. Battle of Franklin - Hood Wrecks His Army: Breaking through, men from Major Generals Patrick Cleburne, John C. Brown, and Samuel G. Frenchs divisions were met by a furious counterattack by Colonel Emerson Opdyckes brigade as well as other Union regiments. After brutal hand-to-hand fighting, they were able to close the breach and throw back the Confederates. To the west, Major General William B. Bates division was repulsed with heavy casualties. A similar fate met much of Stewarts corps on the right wing. Despite the heavy casualties, Hood believed that the Union center had been badly damaged. Unwilling to accept defeat, Hood continued to throw uncoordinated attacks against Schofields works. Around 7:00 PM, with Lieutenant General Stephen D. Lees corps arriving on the field, Hood selected Major General Edward Allegheny Johnsons division to lead another assault. Storming forward, Johnsons men and other Confederate units failed to reach the Union line and became pinned down. For two hours an intense firefight ensued until Confederate troops were able to fall back in the darkness. To the east, Confederate cavalry under Major General Nathan Bedford Forrest attempted to turn Schofields flank but were blocked by Major General James H. Wilsons Union horsemen. With the Confederate assault defeated, Schofields men began crossing the Harpeth around 11:00 PM and reached the fortifications at Nashville the next day. Battle of Franklin - Aftermath: The Battle of Franklin cost Hood 1,750 killed and around 5,800 wounded. Among the Confederate deaths were six generals: Patrick Cleburne, John Adams, States Rights Gist, Otho Strahl, and Hiram Granbury. An additional eight were wounded or captured. Fighting behind earthworks, Union losses were a mere 189 killed, 1,033 wounded, 1,104 missing/captured. The majority of those Union troops that were captured were wounded and medical personnel who remained after Schofield departed Franklin. Many were liberated on December 18, when Union forces re-took Franklin after the Battle of Nashville. While Hoods men were dazed after their defeat at Franklin, they pressed on and clashed with Thomas and Schofields forces at Nashville on December 15-16. Routed, Hoods army effectively ceased to exist after the battle. The assault at Franklin is frequently known as the Picketts Charge of the West in reference to the Confederate assault at Gettysburg. In reality, Hoods attack consisted of more men, 19,000 vs. 12,500, and advanced over a longer distance, 2 miles vs. .75 miles, than Lieutenant General James Longstreets assault on July 3, 1863. Also, while Picketts Charge lasted approximately 50 minutes, the assaults at Franklin were conducted over a span of five hours. Selected Sources Civil War Trust: Battle of FranklinCWSAC Battle Summary: Battle of Franklin

History of Imperialism

History of Imperialism There is no exact definition of imperialism in particular. Usually, this word is confused with colonialism. However, the two words are frequently related to European expansionism except that imperialism is far reaching to the Ottoman and Chinese histories. Certainly, imperialism was a way of life to ancient societies such as Persian and Greek, Aztec and Mayan among others.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on History of Imperialism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Imperialism by definition is the maintenance or creation of unequal cultural and economic relationship between states where one is a subordination of the other. Others define it as the policy that allows a nation to extend its authority or control through establishment of political and economic hegemony through acquisition of other nation’s territorial boundaries (Lenin 14). Imperialism evolved through a series of stages dating back to the AD era. Before developing into a major kingdom, Europe underwent major transformations over a long period of time. Meanwhile, Africa was characterized by a constant stream of explorers and outside traders who brought in new religions and ideas. On the other hand, Henry, the then Prince of Portugal, sent ships to West Africa in attempt to explore the area. He commanded ships to take gold to West Africa in exchange for slaves, and this resulted to the establishment of new colonies especially inside America. Imperialism then took a different phase of industrial revolution where natural resources and raw materials such as diamond and rubber were being transported to Britain. Then followed the era of The Atlantic Slave Trade where horrible injustice was committed against African slaves before they got sold to major kingdoms such as Britain (Lugard 59). Moreover, the scramble for Africa by colonial masters began, and this led to the Berlin Conference of 1888. However, imperialism was resisted in some Af rican countries like the Zulu in South Africa. Meanwhile, effects of imperialism especially loss of life through slave trade raised a lot of tension amongst African nations. This was followed by Independence Nationalism that led to the Pan-Africanism movement, which was aimed at bringing all Africans together on the basis of their common heritage. Through World War II, most European countries were weakened and Pan-Africanism gained strength. As such, most African nations gained independence during the 1950s.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, these nations experienced poor governments and poor economies, which they struggled to stabilize. As this was happening in Africa, Middle East started experiencing imperialism through the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. In the nineteenth century, most independent states such as Egypt were recaptured by the Great Britain. Elsewhere, as India was struggling to gain independence in 1919, troops from Britain wounded and killed almost one thousand five hundred civilians (Lenin 39). What followed from that period was a series of events that led to today’s imperialism. Despite the brevity of the imperialism era, its impact on the world was immense. The European countries who were the major perpetrators of this concept had their culture and society tremendously influenced by the various colonies they captured. Even after independence of most colonies, the interaction process between the colonized and the colonizers continued. Consequently, massive migration from the colonies into Europe occurred, and this was a key factor to the emergence of Europe’s multicultural societies. On a similar note, the culture of Europe was copied to the colonized nations. For instance, European sports such as soccer and cricket are adapted in most countries around Africa, the Pacific, and Asia. This idea is further evidenced by the manner in which countries around these regions speak French and English. Besides, the imperialism legacy developed in different spheres of such colonies. This includes metropolitan economic ties, communication networks, and economic structures that have undoubtedly shaped the contemporary society. Surprisingly, the imperialism legacy has far reaching effects not only in the past, but also in the foreseeable future. Take for example the world’s fluctuations on market that greatly depend on Europe’s economy, which has become so hard to remove, and hence, enhancing this idea of dependency (Lugard 22). Accordingly, imperialism related legacy extends to religious systems in the colonized countries. Not only did campaigns by Christian missionaries convert individuals, but also they left behind a series of Christian states such as Ghana, South Africa, Kenya, and Nigeria in Africa.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on History of Imperialism specifi cally for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They also left behind Catholicism in South Asia and Latin America. Moreover, modernization resulted from imperialism. This resulted to descent cities, the emergence of the money economy, ownership of private land, modern medicine, cash crop farming, and modern technologies among others. Besides, some of the legacy include infrastructure. Evidence exists that some British built road network and water projects in India, Kenya, Zimbabwe, and Pakistan are present up to date. In addition, the British employed the divide and rule strategy that led to ethnic divisions present in our society. For example, they preferred the Hausa and Tutsi communities in Nigeria and Rwanda respectively. They also preferred the Kikuyu in Kenya and the resettled slaves in Liberia. Also, they placed borders illogically, and this led to ethnic conflicts such as those seen in Kashmir, Palestine/Israel, Spanish Sahara/Moroccan Sahara, Biafra war, and West/Eastern Pakistan. Lenin, Vladimir. Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1947. Lugard, Frederick. The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa. Edinburgh and London: Blackwood and Sons, 1922.